Gawo 8: Maphukusi Opanga Kwa Olima
Kutengera ndi chidziwitso chaposachedwa kuchokera m'mayesero osiyanasiyana a malo opangira kafukufuku ndi minda ya alimi, ma phukusi atatu otsatirawa akulimbikitsidwa kuti apange mtedza wabwino. Izi zimapereka njira zochepetsera, zapakati komanso zapamwamba zomwe alimi angatsatire malinga ndi zomwe zilipo komanso mwayi wamsika. Izi zafotokozedwa mwachidule mu Gulu 8.1 ndikufotokozera mwachidule pansipa.
Phukusi Lolowetsa Lochepa
Alimi ena alibe zipangizo zogulira kapena alibe ndalama kapena ngongole zogulira zipangizo ngakhale zilipo. Pamenepa pali njira zofunika kwambiri zomwe alimi angagwiritse ntchito zomwe zingapangitse kuti zokolola ziwonjezeke pogwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera zokolola.
Choyamba, bzalani mtedza m'minda yomwe munabzala mbewu zina osati mtedza chaka chathachi. Izi zidzachepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa tizirombo tina kuphatikiza matenda a masamba ndi nematode. Chachiwiri, bzalani mbeu yabwino kwambiri (monga mbeu yosungidwa kwa nyengo zosaposa zitatu kapena zomwe mwagula posachedwa) mvula ikangoyamba kuyesa kameredwe kake pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe tafotokoza kale mu bukhuli. Izi zikuthandizani kukhazikitsa mbewu motalikirana bwino ndi masentimita 10 kwa mitundu ya Chisipanishi kapena 15 cm motalikirana kwa mitundu ya Virginia. Mu phukusili, tikuganiza kuti feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo sapezeka kuti alimbikitse thanzi la mbewu ndikuteteza mtedza ku 36 kuvulazidwa ndi tizirombo. Choncho, kuyesera kulikonse kuyenera kupangidwa kubzala zosiyanasiyana ndi kukana matenda ndi rosette. Bzalani msanga kuti muchepetse kutheka kwa mtedza wa rosette ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mbewu zakhwima nthaka isanatenthe ndi kuuma (zomwe zingapangitse kuti mulingo wa aflatoxin uchuluke). Alimi azipalira minda pakadutsa milungu itatu mutabzala ndipo tsatiraninso kupalira pasanathe milungu 6 mutabzala.
Kukumba mtedza ukakhwima bwino ndikofunikira m'dongosolo lino onetsetsani kuti mwakhwima bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochotsa chipolopolo kapena kukwapula. Kukumba msanga kumabweretsa zokolola zocheperako komanso zabwino zake chifukwa makoko ndi maso sakhwima. Kukumba mochedwa kumatha kuwononga kwambiri nkhungu ndi aflatoxin, kutsika kwa kernel chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo ndi kumera kwa mbewu. Zotsatira zake zimakhala zokolola zochepa kwambiri komanso khalidwe losauka komanso kugulitsidwa. Ngati alimi asankha asanagulitse pamsika, adzalandira mapira otsika kwambiri pamsika. Alimi aziumitsa mtedza mwachangu ndikusunga m'njira yoti atetezere mtedza ku nkhungu ndi kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo ndi tizilombo.
Phukusi Lolowetsa Zochepa:
• Bzalani mtedza wina wabwino msanga m'minda yomwe munalibe mtedza m'nyengo yapitayi
• Bzalani mbeu yabwino kwambiri yodziwika kuti yamera mvula ikangoyamba motalikirana pakati pa 10 ndi 15 cm pamitundu yonse (masentimita 5 mpaka 7.5 motsatira mizere iwiri kapena iwiri).
• Patsani udzu patatha milungu itatu kapena isanu ndi umodzi mutabzala
• Imbe mtedza ukakhwima bwino kwambiri kapena pakatsala sabata imodzi kuti ukhwime bwino ngati kwagwa chilala.
• Yanikani mtedza mwachangu momwe mungathere
• Sungani mtedza m'nyumba yaukhondo ndi yowuma, kuchokera pansi komanso kutali ndi makoma
Phukusi Lolowetsa Pakatikati
Ngati alimi ali ndi mwayi wopeza zipangizo ndi zipangizo kapena ngongole zogulira zoweta, zinthu zingapo zofunika zikhoza kuwonjezeredwa kuzinthu zochepa kuti apeze zokolola zambiri komanso zabwino. Nthawi zambiri, zowonjezera izi zidzabweretsa phindu pazachuma kuposa mtengo wandalama, ngakhale kusankha koyenera kumafunikira. M’nyengo yonseyi, mlimi akuyenera kutsatira malangizo onse amene aperekedwa m’kabokosi kakang’ono: Sankhani malo oyenera kulima mtedza ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yolimbana ndi matenda, yesani kameredwe kake kuti muthe kupeza malo otalikirana bwino ndi zomera, kusokerani kawiri komanso pa nthawi yoyenera, kukolola mtedza pa kukhwima bwino, kuumitsani msanga ndi kusunga mtedzawu kuti usawonongedwe ndi nkhungu.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakuwonjezera zokolola m'dongosolo lapakati ndikuyika laimu kuti muwonjezere pH ya nthaka. Pamene pH ya nthaka yakhazikitsidwa pa 6.0, mtedza umakhala ndi mphamvu yochuluka yochitira feteleza ndi inoculant yomwe imalimbikitsa biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). M'dongosolo lapakati, feteleza wamba wokhala ndi phosphorous ndi potaziyamu wokwanira amachulukitsa zokolola. Zosakaniza zambiri za feteleza zimakhala ndi nayitrogeni ndipo zimatha kulimbikitsa zokolola, makamaka ngati inoculant ya BNF palibe kapena kutheka ndi ubwino zimafunsidwa. Kusakaniza kwa feteleza komwe kumaphatikizapo calcium kudzawonjezera zokolola ndi ubwino. Gypsum ndindalama yabwino ndipo nthawi zambiri imatsimikizira kukula kwa kernel ndikuwonjezera zokolola. Ngati alipo, katemera amene wagwiridwa bwino ndi wotheka akhoza kuonjezera zokolola. Chenjezo lofunikira pamalingaliro awa ndikuti mtedza nthawi zambiri sulabadira katemera wa BNF ndi gypsum pomwe pH ili yochepera 5.8. Nthawi zina nthaka pH ikatsika kugwiritsa ntchito gypsum kumachepetsanso zokolola. Kuthirira komaliza m'dongosolo lapakatikati kungakhale kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha bowa patatha masiku 45 mutabzala. Izi zimachepetsa miliri ya matenda a masamba komanso kuteteza zokolola.
Zotengera Zapakatikati Zolowetsa:
• Dothi la laimu kuti mupeze pH ya 6.0
• Bzalani mtedza wina wabwino msanga m'minda yomwe munalibe mtedza m'nyengo yapitayi
• Ikani katemera wa BNF
• Bzalani njere zamtundu wapamwamba zomwe zamera zomwe zimadziwika kuti mvula ikangoyamba motalikirana pakati pa 10 cm pamitundu ya Spanish ndi 15 cm pamitundu ya Virginia.
• Ikani phosphorous ndi feteleza wa potaziyamu
• Patsani udzu patatha milungu itatu kapena isanu ndi umodzi mutabzala
• Ikani gypsum pa maluwa
• Imbe mtedza ukakhwima bwino kwambiri kapena pakatsala sabata imodzi kuti ukhwime bwino ngati kwagwa chilala.
• Yanikani mtedza mwachangu momwe mungathere
• Sungani mtedza m'nyumba yaukhondo ndi yowuma, kuchokera pansi komanso kutali ndi makoma
Phukusi Lolowetsa Kwambiri
M'njira yolowera kwambiri alimi akuyenera kukhala ndi malingaliro onse okhudzana ndi njira zochepetsera ndi zapakatikati. Kusankhidwa kwa malo, kusinthasintha koyenera, kusankha mbewu zapamwamba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kukhazikitsa malo abwino kwambiri, kusintha pH mpaka 6.0, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza kuphatikizapo gypsum, kugwiritsa ntchito inoculant kwa BNF ndi mbewu, kukumba pakukula bwino ndi kuyanika mofulumira, ndikusunga m'njira yomwe imachepetsa kukula kwa nkhungu ndi kuvulala kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mulingo wotsatira wolowetsamo uli ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. M’njira zolowetsamo zinthu zambiri, alimi agwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu asanamenyedwe komanso akamera kumera. Mankhwala ophera udzu ndi othandiza kwambiri kuposa kupalira pamanja ndipo nthawi zambiri amawononga mtedza pang'ono pochotsa udzu ndi manja. Alimi ayang'anenso tizilombo towononga, fufuzani ngati chiwerengero cha tizilombo taposa malire ndipo, ngati n'kotheka, perekani mankhwala ophera tizilombo. M'njira zambiri, alimi akuyenera kuthira mankhwala ophera bowa katatu m'nyengo yoyambira patatha masiku 30 mutabzala ndikupoperanso kwachiwiri patatha masiku 45 mutabzala ndi kupoperanso patatha masiku 60 mutabzala. Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhawo omwe adalembetsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi opanga mtedza wolimidwa m'Malawi. Zida zoyenera ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poperekera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo omwe amafunsira mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kuvala zida zodzitetezera ndi zovala zovomerezeka kuti asavulale. Minda iyenera kuikidwa chizindikiro kuti anthu ndi ziweto zisalowe kwa nthawi yoyenera yolembedwa pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuti ntchito zonse zizitsatiridwa ndi nthawi yokolola isanakolole yomwe wapereka.
Phukusi Lolowetsa Kwambiri:
• Dothi la laimu kuti mupeze pH ya 6.0
• Ikani katemera wa BNF
• Bzalani mtedza wina wabwino msanga m'minda yomwe munalibe mtedza m'nyengo yapitayi
• Bzalani mbeu yabwino kwambiri yodziwika kuti yamera mvula ikangoyamba motalikirana pakati pa 10 ndi 15 cm pamitundu yonse (masentimita 5 mpaka 7.5 pamzere wa mapasa/awiri).
Thirani mankhwala ophera udzu ndi zochita zotsalira mukangofesa ndipo phatikizanipo glyphosate ngati udzu wamera mukamaliza kufesa. Thirani phosphorous ndi feteleza wa potaziyamu • Palalirani m'minda patatha milungu itatu kapena isanu ndi umodzi mutabzala
• Pakani mankhwala ophera udzu omwe unamera patatha milungu itatu mutabzala
• Pakani mankhwala ophera bowa patatha masiku 30, 45 ndi 60 mutabzala kuti muteteze mtedza ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso dzimbiri.
• Ikani gypsum pa maluwa
• Imbe mtedza ukakhwima bwino kwambiri kapena pakatsala sabata imodzi kuti ukhwime bwino ngati kwagwa chilala.
• Yanikani mtedza mwachangu momwe mungathere
• Sungani mtedza m'nyumba yaukhondo ndi yowuma, kuchokera pansi komanso kutali ndi makoma
