Gawo 3: Kusankha Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana, Ubwino wa Mbeu ndi Kuchuluka kwa Zomera
Zinthu zofunika kuziganizira posankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi izi:
• kukana tizilombo, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti zokolola ziwonjezeke komanso zabwino
• Kudziwikiratu ndi kukhazikika kwa zokolola m'madera onse kuti athe kuyang'anira zoopsa
• Chilala ndi kukana matenda, monga kukana matenda a masamba ndi rosette
• Kukhwima kwa nthawi yochepa, komwe kumapangitsa mlimi kuti azolowere nyengo yowuma msanga kapena yosadziwika bwino
Mitundu yomwe ikupezeka pamalonda ndi mikhalidwe yayikulu m'Malawi yalembedwa mu Gulu 3.1. Mitundu yambiri ya mtedza wotukuka (yonse ya ku Spain ndi ku Virginia) yatulutsidwa ndi DARS kudzera mu kafukufuku ndi CGIAR ndi mabungwe ena a Malawi. Mitundu yaposachedwa imaphatikiza zokolola zambiri, kukana matenda ndi zina zomwe amakonda pamsika. Kumvetsetsa momwe mitundu iyi imagwirira ntchito ndi nthawi yobzala, kuchuluka kwa mbewu ndi zina zomwe zilipo kungathandize kukulitsa zokolola zamitundu iyi.
Agro-Ecologies pa Kulima Mtedza
Dziko la Malawi lili ndi madera anayi akuluakulu a zaulimi potengera nyengo ndi kusiyana kwa mtunda: madera okwera, madera okwera kapena okwera (mamita 900-1200), m’mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi m’chigwa cha Shire. Mphepete mwa nyanja ndi Chigwa cha Shire nthawi zambiri amawonedwa ngati agro-ecology (mpaka 899 m). Mtedza umabzalidwa kuchokera kufupi ndi nyanja kufika ku 1500 m, koma 70% umamera m'madera okwera ndi m'mapiri, ku Lilongwe ndi Kasungu m'chigawo chapakati cha Malawi, ndi m'boma la Mzimba kumpoto kwa Malawi. Mtedza umalimidwa makamaka ngati mbewu yodyetsedwa ndi mvula; komabe, kupanga kwanyengo sikutheka kumadera ena a maboma a Nkhatabay ndi Karonga. Mbewu imabzalidwa ngati mbewu yokhayokha kapena kulimidwa ndi chimanga, manyuchi, mapira, soya, nandolo kapena mbewu zina. Mitundu ya mtundu wa Virginia imalimbikitsidwa mu agroecology yapakati pomwe mitundu ya ku Spain imalimbikitsidwa mu lowland agroecology.
Kufunika kwa Ubwino wa Mbeu
Kaya ndi mitundu yanji, mlimi akuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mbeu yabwino yomeretsa kwambiri komanso yamphamvu. Mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa m'mikhalidwe yovuta, zouma msanga kapena pang'ono pang'ono, zomwe zimaonongeka ndi tizirombo kapena zosungidwa m'malo otentha ndi chinyezi nthawi zambiri zimamera pang'onopang'ono komanso zimakhala ndi mphamvu. Mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa m'nthaka zopanda chakudya chokwanira, makamaka calcium ndi boron, sizingathe kumera ndipo zimatha kutulutsa zomera zopanda mphamvu. Kuvuta kwa chilala chaka chatha kumachepetsanso kukula kwa kernel ndi kumera kotsatira ndi kukula kwa mbande. Olima ayenera kudziwa kumene mbeu yawo imachokera komanso mtundu wake asanagule. Mbewu zoonongeka chifukwa choboola ndi makina osayenera zimatha kuchepetsa kumera. Njere zomwe zang'ambika kapena kuwonongeka kwa njere sizingamere.
Gwero la Mbewu
Kuti apeze zokolola zambiri, alimi akuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mbeu yabwino yochokera kumalo odziwika komanso odalirika monga International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS) kapena bungwe lovomerezeka la ochita malonda a mbewu. Mlimi amene wapeza mbewu zokongoletsedwa bwino angasankhe kusunga mbewu zina kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ngati mbewu mu nyengo zotsatila, koma mtedza, monganso mbewu zina za nyemba, uyenera kukolola ndi kusungidwa ngati mbewu katatu kokha. Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu zobwezeretsanso, mbeu zatsopano zipezeke ku malo odziwika bwino ndi olembetsedwa kuti zibereke bwino. Mbewu zosungidwa ziyenera kusungidwa mu zipolopolo mpaka mutatsala pang'ono kubzala.
Kuyesa Kameredwe ka Mbeu
Asanabzale mbewu m'munda, alimi ayenera kudziwa kameredwe kake kuti athe kusintha kachedwe kake, ngati kuli kofunikira, kuti mbewu zithe kukwanira bwino. Kameredwe ndi kachulukidwe ka mbewu zitha kukhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwa mlimi yemwe akuyesera kuti afikire zokolola zina pa hekitala kapena kufuna kuchuluka kwa zokolola kuchokera kumunda. Kuyesa kumera, chipolopolo pafupifupi 20-25 nyemba, bzalani mbeu 40 m'nthaka ndikuthirira bwino kuti zimere. Zomera 30 zikamera, mbewuyo imatengedwa kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri ndipo palibe kusintha komwe kumafunikira. Ngati mbeu 20-30 zamera, mubzale pafupi pang'ono kapena kuyika mbewu ziwiri pamodzi pamzere. Ngati mbeu zosakwana 20 zamera, mbeuyo ndi yosaoneka bwino ndipo muyenera kubzala mbewu zitatu pamodzi pamzere kapena kugula mbewu zatsopano. Kuchulukana koyenera kwa mbewu ndikofunikira kuti mupeze zokolola zabwino, kotero ndikwabwino kubzala mbewu kuti mbewuyo ikhale yolimba kuposa kufalitsa mbewu pamalo okulirapo. Ngati muli ndi malo oonjezerapo, gulani mbeu zambiri kuti mubzale kuti muchuluke bwino kapena mubzalenso mbewu ina pamunda wowonjezera. Mlimi ayenera kusunga mbewu kuti abzale pamene mbewu zinalephera kumera. Izi zipangitsa kuti mitedza ikhale yofanana ndipo zimachepetsa kusokoneza kwa udzu ndi matenda a rosette.
Kukonzekera ndi Kuchiza Mbewu
Mtedza woti ugwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mbewu uyenera kusankhidwa mosamala ndikuwuyika musanafese. Musanafese, makoko ayenera kutsukidwa m'manja ndikusanjidwa kuti achotse njere zakhungu, zosakhwima, nkhungu, ndi zing'onozing'ono kapena zosaoneka bwino. Alimi atha kusankha kuthira mbewu ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti achepetse kuwononga kwa tizilombo komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kuwonongeka kwa mbewu. Mankhwala opha mafangasi omwe amapezeka kwambiri ndi Thiram omwe atha kutengedwa kumakampani opanga mankhwala aulimi monga Chemicals and Marketing, Agricultural Trading Company, Farmers’ Organisation, Crop Serve ndi ena olembetsa agro-dealers. Alimi akuyenera kusamala akamagwiritsa ntchito Thiram pothirira mbewu komanso posamalira mbeu.
Khazikitsani Chiwerengero cha Mtedza Wokwanira
Kuti mupeze zokolola zabwino, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi mbewu zokwanira. Chomera chomaliza chokhala ndi mbewu 220,000 pa hekitala ndi yabwino kwambiri kuti ipeze zokolola zambiri. Malingaliro a mbiri yakale ku Malawi akuwonetsa kuti zokolola zabwino zitha kupezeka ngati mtedza ungabzalidwe pamitunda yotalikirana masentimita 60 ku Spain (133,300 zomera pa ha) ndi masentimita 75 pa mitundu ya Virginia (89,000 zomera pa ha). Komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwapa akusonyeza kuti alimi ayenera kubzala mbewu pafupi. Kuchuluka kwa mbeu ndi kuchuluka kwa mbeu kungapangitse kuti mtedza ukhale wochepa, kupondereza udzu, kubweretsa zokolola zambiri, komanso kumachepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa aflatoxin pokolola, nthawi zina.
Kutalikirana kwa matuza ndi zomera kumasiyana kumasiyana. Tebulo 3.2 limapereka malo ochuluka a zomera pamipata yosiyana ya mbeu ndi mizere. Mosasamala kanthu kuti mizere italikirana bwanji, alimi abzale mbeu zosapitirira 10 cm motalikirana za Spanish (5 cm motsatira mapasa/mizere iwiri) ndi 15 am motalikirana ku Virginia mitundu (7.5 cm motsatira mizere iwiri).
Ngakhale alimi nthawi zina amasankha kubzala mbewu motalikirana, ndikofunikira kutsatira malangizo a katalikirana kuti akhazikitse denga ndi kukonza photosynthesis kumayambiriro kwa kakulidwe. Kutalikirana komwe kuli koyenera kutha kukhala kosiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mtedza. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ya ku Virginia nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi chizoloŵezi chogwada pansi kapena kuthamanga kwambiri ndipo imatulutsa nyemba kutali ndi korona wa chomeracho, pamene mitundu ya ku Spain nthawi zambiri imakula mowongoka zomwe zimafuna kuti zomera zikhazikitsidwe moyandikana.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mizere iwiri, makamaka mitundu ya Chisipanishi, ndikulimbikitsidwa. Mbewu zibzalidwe pamizere iwiri pamwamba pa bedi motsatira ndondomeko ya zig-zag, kuti mbeu iliyonse pamzere ikhale yotalikirana ndi masentimita 10 ku mitundu ya ku Spain ndi 15 13 cm motalikirana kwa mitundu ya Virginia. Izi zipangitsa kuti mutalikirane 5 cm ndi 7.5 cm motsatira mizere iwiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbeu ikhale yolimba komanso yovundikira bwino. Mizere iwiri yawonetsedwa kuti imachulukitsa zokolola, koma imachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mbeu zomwe zabzalidwa pagawo lililonse. Komabe, cholinga chake ndi kukulitsa zokolola.
Mbeu zenizeni (kg pa hekitala) zimatengera kukula kwa mbeu (kulemera kwa mbeu 100) ndipo ziyenera kuwonetsa kumera. Mitengo ya mtedza ikamera, alimi ayenera kudzaza mipata m'malo osungiramo mbewu mwachangu. Kukhazikitsa zomera zosapitirira 10 kapena 15 cm motalikirana sikumangowonjezera zokolola komanso kumachepetsa mphamvu ya matenda a rosette. Malangizo a katalikidwe ka zomera amagwira ntchito pamasiku onse obzala komanso mitundu yonse yolimidwa m'Malawi muno. Mbewu zikachulukana bwino, mphesa za mtedza zimatseka msanga, kuchepetsa kutentha kwa dothi komwe kumawonjezera mwayi woti zikhomo zizikhala m'nthaka. Kuletsa udzu kumawonjezeka pamene denga la mtedza watsekedwa mofulumira.
Kubzala masinthidwe
Alimi ena amasankha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yobzala pawailesi yakanema chifukwa amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa komanso ntchito yocheperako ikayamba mvula, koma njira iyi imatha kupangitsa kuti malo azikhala molakwika komanso kusakhazikika bwino. Kusamalira udzu kumakhala kovuta kwambiri pamene nthanga za mtedza zimafesedwa m'malo mobzala m'mizere. Kubzala m'mizere kapena pamabedi okwera kumalimbikitsidwa m'malo omwe dothi ndi lotayirira kuti zisatayike pansi (pod retention) panthawi yokolola. Mtedza ukabzalidwa pamalo ophwanyika, kusiyana pakati pa mizere kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kufika 45 cm. Kubzalanso kumadera omwe sanamere kuyenera kuchitika pasanathe sabata imodzi mbande zamera.
Intercropping motsutsana ndi Monocropping
Alimi ambiri amasankha kugwiritsa ntchito kulima mosiyanasiyana, njira yomwe imalola kuti chimanga chipindule ndi BNF ndikuwonjezera mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Kulima mosiyanasiyana kungathenso kuchepetsa chiwopsezo ndipo kukhoza kulola alimi omwe ali ndi malo ochepa kuti awonjezere zokolola m'malo osiyanasiyana, m'mwamba osati mozungulira mozungulira malo. Komabe, kubzala mosiyanasiyana kumabweretsa mpikisano wa mbewu zazitali padenga (mwachitsanzo, chimanga ndi chinangwa) ndi mbewu zocheperako monga mtedza.
Kulima mbewu mosiyanasiyana m'malo molima chimodzi kumachepetsa makina ndipo kumabweretsa zovuta pakulumikiza mbewu m'dongosolo lino. Ngati mbewu sizinagwirizanitsidwe, mbewu imodzi imatha kuonongeka ikakololedwa. Kuphatikizira mankhwala ophera tizilombo munjira yolimidwa ndizovuta, makamaka ndi mankhwala ophera udzu omwe amatha kuwononga mbewu zomwe zimamera pafupi ndi mbewu zololera.
Kukonzekera Malo
Izi zikuyenera kuyambika msanga (July kapena August) kuonetsetsa kuti zotsalira za mbewu zakale zawola mvula isanabwere komanso nyengo yolima isanayambe. Izi zipatsanso nthawi yokwanira kuti mlimi abzale mvula ikayamba kugwa. Onetsetsani kuti zotsalira zonse zakwiriridwa, kulima ndikuzama mokwanira komanso dothi ndi lotayirira komanso lophwanyika, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti zigwere, kulowa m'madzi, ndi kukumba.
Kufesa
Ku Malawi kuno, kubzala kuyenera kuyambika mvula ikayamba kugwa. Kubzala kowuma kwachitika bwino pakadutsa milungu iwiri isanagwe mvula yoyamba, koma izi zitha kukhala zowopsa chifukwa njere zimatha kuwonongeka ngati zikhala pansi kwa nthawi yayitali isanamere. Ngati mbewu imathandizidwa ndi inoculant ya BNF, mabakiteriya omwe ali mu inoculant sakhala ndi moyo ngati atakumana ndi kutentha ndi kowuma kwa nthawi yayitali. Madeti obzala mowuma amatengera momwe mvula imagwa m'derali.
Mtedza usabzalidwe pambuyo pa Januware 15 chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zimafalitsa kachilombo ka mtedza wa rosette. Kubzala mochedwa kumapangitsa kuti pakhale nyengo yowuma kumapeto kwa nthawi ya kukula. Chilala chotalikirapo panthawi yodzadza ndi kukolola pafupi ndi kukolola kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola zochepa komanso kuthekera kwakukulu kwa kuipitsidwa kwa aflatoxin poyerekeza ndi kubzala koyambirira komwe kumakhala ndi mvula yambiri nthawi yonse yakukula.
Njira yoyamba yobzala ndi kupanga mizere imodzi kapena iwiri (ngati mutabzala mizere iwiri) yozama masentimita 5-7 pamwamba pa mzere. Kuchuluka kwa mbewu kugwera kutengera kumera kwa mbewu. Nthawi zambiri, kumera kwa mbewu sikudutsa 75%. Ngati kameredwe ndi 75% kapena kupitilira apo, bzalani mbeu imodzi pa dzenje lililonse. Ngati mlingo uli pakati pa 50% ndi 75%, bzalani mbeu ziwiri pa dzenje lililonse. Ngati mtengowo ndi wosakwana 50%, bzalani mbeu zitatu pa dzenje lililonse (kapena pezani mbewu yabwino). Mlimi aike mbewu, kenaka aphimbe poyambirapo ndi dothi ndi kukanikiza mwamphamvu kuti atsimikize kuti mbeu yanthaka yokwanira ndi kumera mbande zofanana. Ndikofunikiranso kubzalanso kumalo kumene njere sizimamera pakatha sabata yoyamba mbande zitamera.
Bzalani Mvula Ikangoyamba
Tsiku loyenera kubzala mtedza m'Malawi likugwirizana ndi mvula yodziwikiratu komanso yokhalitsa. Izi zitha kuchitika kumapeto kwa Novembala kapena koyambirira mpaka kumapeto kwa Disembala, koma zimatha kusiyanasiyana chaka ndi chaka komanso kudera lonse la dzikolo. Kubzala panthawi yake kumathandizira kumera bwino komanso kuphimba msanga pansi kuti kutseke udzu ndikuchepetsa matenda a rosette. Kubzala msangamsanga kumachepetsanso chiwopsezo cha mbewu kukumana ndi chilala kumapeto kwa nyengo (February/March) zomwe zingakhudze kudzaza kwa mbolo ndi kuonjezera chiopsezo chotenga matenda ndi nkhungu zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa aflatoxin. Kubzala mowuma, mkati mwa masabata awiri mvula itayamba, kungathenso kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa rosette, kuchulukitsa zokolola, ndi kuchepetsa aflatoxin, koma zimabwera ndi chiopsezo chakuti mvula ikachedwa, mlimi adzakhala ndi vuto losamera komanso zomera zochepa. Pomaliza, ndi bwino kuti tisadikire mpaka chimanga chonse chitabzalidwa kuti muyambe kubzala mtedza chifukwa chitha kukhala mochedwa ndipo zotsatira zake zidzamera bwino.
