Kukhudza kwa Udzu pa Zokolola za Mtedza

Zotsatira za Udzu pa Zokolola za Mtedza

Udzu ukhoza kupikisana ndi mtedza pofuna kuwala, zakudya m'nthaka, ndi madzi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola zazikulu ngati sizikuyendetsedwa bwino. Udzu ukhozanso kusokoneza kukumba ndi kukweza zomera pa nthawi yokolola. Udzu wa masamba otambalala, udzu wapachaka ndi wosatha, ndi mbedza zimapezeka m'minda yambiri ndipo ngati zitasiyidwa mosalamulirika, zitha kuchepetsa zokolola zambiri. Nthawi komanso kangati pamene mlimi amawononga udzu zimatengera zokolola zomaliza za mtedza. Kuti apeze zokolola zambiri, alimi ayenera kuyamba kupalira koyamba (nthawi zambiri ndi manja, makasu) pasanathe milungu itatu mutabzala. Kupalira kowonjezera pakatha masabata 6 ndi 9 mutabzala kudzatetezanso zokolola ku udzu umene umamera mtsogolo. Masiku 30 oyambirira ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri ya udzu ndipo nthawi zambiri imatchedwa nthawi yovuta kwambiri ya kusokoneza udzu. Maluwa akayamba kumera, namsongole ayenera kukokedwa ndi manja kuti asawononge maluwa ndi kupanga makoko kapena kusokoneza nthaka.

Kubzala m'mizere m'malo mofalitsa mbewu kapena kubzala mophatikizana kumawonjezera mphamvu yopalira pamanja. Kulima mosiyanasiyana kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu polimbana ndi udzu chifukwa chokhoza kuwononga mbewu zina osati mtedza. Mtedza wokhuthala ndi wofanana ukhoza kuletsa udzu polola kuti mtedza ukhale ndi mthunzi wa nthaka komanso kuchepetsa udzu. Pokhazikitsa mitedza yokwana 222,000 pa hekitala imodzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu pobzala kapena kupalira pamanja pasanathe masiku 30 mutabzala, mlimi atha kupeŵa kupalira kowonjezera pakapita nyengo ndi kusunga zokolola.

Malangizo a Herbicide Poletsa Udzu

Alimi ena angasankhe kugula mankhwala ophera udzu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu, makamaka mukangobzala, kumachepetsa nthawi yochotsa m'manja ndikuteteza mtedza kuti usasokonezedwe ndi udzu. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku ku Ghana anasonyeza kuti maola 40 kapena kuposerapo ankafunika kupereka udzu pa hekitala imodzi ya mtedza (Chithunzi 5.4). Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu pobzala kunachepetsa kudzipereka kwambiri panthawiyi, ndipo ngakhale kuti mankhwala ophera udzuwo anali okwera mtengo, kuletsa udzu komwe ankapereka kunali kotsika mtengo ndipo kumabweretsa phindu lazachuma. Ntchito yochotsa udzu ndi manja ikachepa, mankhwala ophera udzu amatha kukhala chida chothandiza kwa alimi kuti achepetse kusokoneza kwa udzu m'mwezi woyamba wa nyengo.

Mayesero omwe anachitika ku Malawi mu 2020 ndi 2021 m'malo awiri akuwonetsa phindu logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu pochepetsa kuchepa kwa ntchito komanso kuchuluka kwa zokolola. Izi zinali zowona pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu kusanayambike komanso pambuyo pomera.

Ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti mankhwala ophera udzu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito munthaka ndi ovomerezeka ndi mabungwe olamulira m'Malawi ndipo akugwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi zomwe wopanga amapanga.

Mankhwala ophera udzu angapo angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'minda ya mtedza musanafese kapena mutangobzala, koma mtedza ndi udzu usanatuluke. Glyphosate ndi paraquat ndi mankhwala ena ophera udzu okhala ndi acetochlor, alachlor, diclosulam, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, ndi trifluralin akupezeka ku Malawi kuno ndipo amaletsa namsongole m'masiku 30 oyamba a nyengo. Mankhwala ophera udzuwa amawononga udzu womwe ungatuluke kwa milungu ingapo ukauthira, koma musaphe udzu womwe umamera kale mukathira mankhwalawo.

Glyphosate ndi mankhwala ophera udzu otetezeka kuti agwire ndikuyikapo. Komabe, paraquat ndi poizoni kwambiri kwa anthu ndi nyama ndipo iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha anthu atagwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zotetezera. Ngati zida zokwanira zodzitetezera sizipezeka, paraquat sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuwongolera kokhazikika kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito milungu ingapo musanafese ngati chimbale sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito ndiyeno kuyikanso kachiwiri mukangofesa. Ngati disiki likugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera munda wofesedwa, mankhwala ophera udzuwa amatha kuwononga udzu umene umayamba kumera ukatha kubzala, makamaka ngati kufesa kuchedwa chifukwa cha ntchito kapena mvula yambiri. Osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu ngati nthaka yayamba kusweka chifukwa chakumera mtedza. Mankhwala ophera udzuwa amatengedwa ngati osasankha ndipo amapha osati mtedza wokha komanso udzu ukangomera.

Mtedza ukangotuluka, mankhwala a herbicides monga bentazon ndi fluazifop-p-butyl atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Bentazon imayang'anira udzu ndi udzu wambiri pomwe fluazifop-p-butyl imayang'anira udzu. Onetsetsani kuti adjuvant yolondola yawonjezedwa ndi herbicide. Mankhwala ophera udzuwa amangowononga udzu womwe watuluka, ndipo mankhwalawo amakumana nawo. Palibe kuletsa udzu wotsalira m’nthaka kuchokera ku mankhwala awiri ophera udzu akamera.