Practicing Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Kuphatikizira njira zothanirana ndi tizilombo ndikofunikira poteteza mtedza ku tizirombo. Ngakhale pali matanthauzo ndi njira zambiri za IPM, The Southern IPM Center (http://www.sripmc.org/) imatanthauzira IPM motere:

Integrated pest management (IPM) ndiyovomerezeka ndi anthu, yosamalira chilengedwe, komanso kuteteza mbewu moyenera. Mwamwambo, tizilombo timatanthauzidwa kuti ndi chamoyo chilichonse chomwe chimasokoneza kupanga mbewu. Nthawi zambiri timaganiza za tizirombo monga tizilombo, matenda, ndi namsongole, koma pali mitundu ina yambiri, kuphatikizapo nematodes, arthropods kupatula tizilombo, ndi zinyama. Tsopano timalimbananso ndi tizirombo m'malo ambiri osalima, monga thanzi la anthu komanso kutonthozedwa.

Southern IPM Center ikuperekanso njira zotsatirazi zotetezera mtedza ndi mbewu zina ku tizilombo towononga pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya PAMS (Kupewa, Kupewa, Kuwunika, Kuponderezedwa):

Kutengera kachitidwe ka Integrated Pest Management (IPM) nthawi zambiri kumachitika mosalekeza kuchokera pakudalira njira zopewera zowononga ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kupita ku njira zingapo zogwiritsira ntchito biologically ndipo nthawi zambiri sizochitika. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti machitidwe a IPM amatengera malo ake, ndi njira zomwe zimatsatiridwa ndi mbewu/tizilombo/ chilengedwe. Kumene kuli koyenera, malo aliwonse ayenera kukhala ndi njira yoyendetsera kasamalidwe, Kupewa, Kuwunika, ndi Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo (njira ya PAMS). Kuti ayenerere kukhala akatswiri a IPM, alimi ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosachepera zitatu mwa zigawo zinayi za PAMS. Cholinga chofuna njira zitatu zokha mwa zinayizi ndikuti kupambana mu njira zopewera nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa njira zopewera kapena kupondereza kukhala zosafunikira.

Kuteteza ndi njira yoletsa kuti tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono m'munda kapena malo ndipo iyenera kukhala njira yoyamba yodzitetezera. Zimaphatikizapo machenjerero monga kugwiritsa ntchito njere zopanda tizilombo, kuletsa namsongole kuberekana, kukonza ulimi wothirira pofuna kupewa zinthu zomwe zingayambitse matenda, kuyeretsa malo olima ndi kukolola pakati pa minda kapena ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zaukhondo, ndi kuthetsa malo ena owononga tizilombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Kupewa kutha kuchitika ngati m'munda kapena m'malo muli tizilombo tambirimbiri koma zotsatira za tizirombo zitha kupewedwa chifukwa cha chikhalidwe china. Zitsanzo za njira zopewera ndi monga kasinthasintha wa mbeu kuti mbeu yosankhayo isakhale ndi tizilombo toononga, kusankha mitundu yolimbana ndi tizilombo toononga, kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu za msampha kapena misampha ya pheromone, kusankha mbewu zamasiku okhwima zomwe zitha kulola kukolola tizilombo tisanayambike, mapologalamu a feteleza olimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu mwachangu, komanso kusabzala madera omwe minda yomwe ingathe kuwononga mbewu. Njira zina zopewera ndi kupewa zingagwirizane m'makina ambiri.

Kuyang'anira ndikuzindikiritsa tizirombo moyenerera kudzera mu kafukufuku kapena mapulogalamu ofufuza, kuphatikiza kutchera misampha, kuyang'anira nyengo ndi kuyezetsa nthaka ngati kuli koyenera, ziyenera kuchitidwa ngati maziko a ntchito zopondereza. Zolemba ziyenera kusungidwa za kufalikira kwa tizilombo ndi kugawa kumunda uliwonse kapena malo. Zolemba zotere zimapanga maziko osankha kasinthasintha wa mbewu, njira zachuma, ndi zochita zopondereza.

Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kungakhale kofunikira kuti tipewe kuwonongeka kwachuma ngati njira zopewera ndi kupewa sizikuyenda bwino. Njira zopondereza zingaphatikizepo zikhalidwe monga kutalikirana kwa mizere yocheperako kapena kuchuluka kwa mbewu za m'mizere, njira zina zolimapo monga kusalima kapena kulima, kuphimba mbewu kapena mulchi, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zokhala ndi mphamvu zopatsa mphamvu posinthana. Njira zopondereza thupi zingaphatikizepo kulima kapena kutchera udzu, nyambo kapena misampha ya pheromone ya tizilombo tina, ndi kasamalidwe ka kutentha kapena zipangizo zochotserako tizilombo ndi matenda. Kuwongolera kwachilengedwe, kuphatikizira kusokoneza makwerero a tizilombo, kuyenera kuganiziridwa ngati njira ina m'malo mwa mankhwala wamba, makamaka komwe kungathe kupewedwa kuwongolera kwanthawi yayitali kwa mitundu yovuta. Kumene kuli njira zowongolera zachilengedwe mwachilengedwe, kuyesetsa kusungitsa zida zofunikazi. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ofunika kwambiri pamapulogalamu a IPM, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwina kumakhala kofunikira. Komabe, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yomaliza pakupondereza pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi:

1. Phindu lamtengo wapatali liyenera kutsimikiziridwa musanagwiritse ntchito (pogwiritsa ntchito malire a zachuma pamene alipo);

2. Mankhwala ophera tizirombo akuyenera kusankhidwa potengera zomwe zingawononge chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu kuphatikiza pakuchita bwino ndi zachuma;

3. Kumene kungatheke mwachuma komanso mwaukadaulo, ulimi wolondola kapena umisiri wina watsopano uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumadera kumene kuli tizilombo kapena kuyembekezera;

4. Zopopera kapena zida zina zogwiritsira ntchito ziyenera kusanjidwa musanagwiritse ntchito komanso nthawi zina panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito;

5. Mankhwala omwe ali ndi machitidwe omwewo sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza pamunda womwewo kuti apewe kukula kwa kukana; ndi

6. Zotchingira zamasamba ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kusuntha kwa mankhwala kupita pamwamba pa madzi.

Njira zonsezi sizikupezeka kwa alimi a mtedza ku Malawi. Pamene msika wa mtedza ukuwonjezeka komanso zipangizo ndi matekinoloje ambiri akupezeka kuti athetse tizilombo, zidzakhala zofunikira kuphatikiza zida muzinthu zopangira. Mlimi amene amatsatira njira yowawonongera akhoza kuyembekezera kuti tizilombo towononga tizilombo towononga tizilombo towononga tizilombo towononga tizilombo towononga tizilombo towononga tizilombo towononga tizilombo towononga tizilombo towononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo towononga tizilombo towononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo towononga tizilombo towononga tizilombo towononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo towononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Tikamalimbana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, titha kusokoneza chilengedwe cha malo omwe akukula ndipo tizilombo tina titha kukhala vuto. Nthawi zina, tizilombo tachiwiri titha kuvulaza mtedza kuposa woyamba. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo atha kukhala othandiza kwambiri poletsa tizilombo komanso kuteteza zokolola, koma malingana ndi mankhwala omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kusokoneza kwambiri chilengedwe cha mtedza.

Minda ya Scouting

Ndikofunika kuyang'ana tizirombo m'munda ndikutsata kusintha kulikonse kwa manambala pakapita nthawi. Polemba chiwerengero ndi mtundu wa tizilombo towononga pakapita nthawi, mlimi amatha kuona kusintha komwe kumachitika mkati mwa nyengo kapena zaka zambiri, zomwe zingamuthandize kusankha nthawi komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito njira zothandizira. Ndikofunika kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Njira yodziwika bwino yowunikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe owoneka ngati Z m'magawo onse.

Chithunzi 5.5. Njira yowoneka ngati Z imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza minda ya mtedza:

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Ophera Mtedza

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kukhala zida zothandiza polimbana ndi tizilombo koma akhoza kuwononga thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe akagwiritsidwa ntchito mosayenera. Anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa amayenera kuvala zovala zodzitetezera, magolovesi, nsapato, magalasi komanso makina opumira kutengera zomwe akupaka. Mlingo woyenera uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kupewa kudontha kwa madzi apansi panthaka kapena kusuntha kuchoka mminda kupita kumadera ovuta kwambiri ndi kuteteza tizilombo toononga komanso kupewa kuvulazidwa kosafunikira kwa mtedza.

Mankhwala amayenera kuyikidwa pamalo ozizira komanso owuma kutali ndi mbewu zosungidwa ndi zokolola. Ndikofunika kwambiri kusunga mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'njira kuti anthu, makamaka ana, asakumane nawo. Sungani mankhwala ophera tizilombo otsekedwa mwamphamvu mu chidebe choyambirira ndipo musasunge mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mitsuko yomwe ingasokonezedwe ndi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika, kumwa ndi kusunga chakudya. Chaka chilichonse anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi amabayidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amawaika mwangozi m’malo osungiramo zinthu kapena m’nyumba. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe boma la Malawi lavomereza ndikugwiritsiridwa ntchito moyenera kudzawonetsetsanso kuti zotsalira za mankhwala sizikuwononga zakudya zomwe anthu amadya.

Tizilombo tikapezeka ndipo tikugwira ntchito, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kukhala othandiza kwambiri poteteza mtedza ndikuchepetsa kutayika kwa zokolola. Amatha kupondereza kuchuluka kwa tizilombo mwachangu ndikuchepetsa ntchito yofunikira pakusamalira tizilombo, makamaka udzu. Komabe, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakhala pachiwopsezo kwa anthu, chilengedwe komanso chakudya ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika. Mankhwala ophera tizirombo akuyenera kulemekezedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera poteteza anthu komanso chilengedwe.

Zotsatira za Arthropods pa Zokolola za Mtedza

Mtedza ukhoza kukhudzidwa ndi tizirombo tambirimbiri monga chiswe, nsabwe za m'masamba, Hilda spp., white grubs ndi leafminers. Kasinthasintha wa mbeu kumathandiza kupewa kapena kuchepetsa tizirombo tonse. Kubzala koyambirira, kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka mbewu, ndi machitidwe omwe amatsimikizira chomera chathanzi (nthaka yoyenera pH ndi chonde) amachepetsa zovuta zamavuto owononga tizilombo. Mlimi asanagwiritse ntchito njira zina zothanirana ndi vutoli, akuyenera kuyang'ana m'munda, kuyeza kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikupeza komwe kuli tizilombo m'munda kuti adziwe ngati kuli koyenera. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga mtedza wa rosette titha kuwongolera pang'ono posankha mitundu yolimbana ndi matenda.

Chiswe: Chiswe chikhoza kuwononga mtedza nthawi yonse ya kukula koma nthawi zambiri chimakhala chovuta kwambiri kukolola nthaka ikauma. Tizirombozi timapezeka paliponse pomwe mtedza wa fulawa umabzalidwa kuno ku Malawi, koma thirezi zimagwera pazigawo. Kuwonongeka kwa chiswe kumatha kuchepetsa zokolola ndi kukongola kwake ndipo kumapangitsa kernel kukhala tcheru kwambiri ku nkhungu ndi kuipitsidwa ndi aflatoxin. Matenda a chiswe amatha kuchepetsedwa polima mozama ndikuyika zotsalira za mbewu m'nthaka komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chlorpyrifos m'malo omwe akhudzidwa.

Nsabwe za Mtedza: Nsabwe za m'masamba zimatengera matenda a mtedza wa mtedza ndipo zimatha kuwononga kwambiri zokolola makamaka pa nthawi ya chilala. Amayamwa madzi ndi kubzala timadziti kuchokera kumalo omera. Kuwonongeka kwa nsabwe za m'masamba ndi kufalitsa mtedza wa rosette kungachepe pobzala msanga, kuwononga mtedza wongodzipereka, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mtedza wosamva (monga Baka).

Mitundu ya Hilda: Tizilombo tomwe timagwirizana ndi nyerere zakuda, ndipo timapezeka nthawi zambiri m'minda yomwe idabzalidwa koyambirira kapena mochedwa. Kuwonongeka kumayambira m'mphepete mwa munda ndipo kumakhala koopsa kwambiri m'zaka zachilala. Madera omwe ali ndi tizilombo nthawi zambiri amawonekera mumagulu a zomera zofota ndi zakufa.

Mphutsi zoyera: Mphutsi za tizilombo zimadya mizu ndi makoko, zomwe zimayambitsa kufota komanso kukulitsa chilala. Zimapezeka kwambiri m’dothi lamchenga wopepuka wa mapiri a Lilongwe. Kasinthasintha wa mbeu kumathandiza kuchepetsa tizilombo tonse.

Leafminers: Tizilombo timeneti timadutsa kapena "migodi" kudzera m'masamba amasamba ndipo timatulutsa zotupa ngati matuza pamasamba. Kukanthidwa kwakukulu kungapangitse kapepalako kukhala kofiirira, kufota komanso kuuma. Zomera zonse zimatha kufa chifukwa chogwidwa kwambiri. Olima masamba sangathe kusuntha mtunda wautali ndipo matenda am'deralo amatha kuwongolera. Amapezeka kwambiri kumpoto kwa Malawi.

Malangizo Ophera Tizilombo Mtedza M'Malawi

Pali mayina ambiri ogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Pamndandandawu, amatchulidwa ndi dzina lodziwika bwino lazogwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zitsanzo zingapo za mayina amalonda omwe alembedwa m'mabungwe. Mukamagula mankhwala ophera tizilombo, yang'anani kupyola dzina lodziwika bwino kuti muwonetsetse kuti mankhwalawa ali ndi zomwe mukufuna. Werengani ndikutsatira malangizo onse omwe ali ndi zilembo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malondawo adalembetsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pa mtedza. Pali magulu atatu akuluakulu ophera tizilombo: organophosphate, pyrethroid, ndi neonicotinoid insecticides.

Organophosphate Insecticides

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'gululi ndi oopsa kwambiri kwa anthu ndi nyama poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina. Mayina odziwika nthawi zambiri amathera mu "fos" kapena "phos". Zogulitsazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotakata kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, kuwongolera mitundu ingapo ya tizilombo) ndipo ndizothandiza kwambiri. Zogulitsazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zotsalira zazitali (kupatula acephate) ndipo zambiri zimalimbana ndi tizilombo tanthaka. Kawirikawiri, amagwira ntchito bwino pa nyerere, nsabwe za m'masamba, mbozi, jassids, leafmineners, ndi ntchito zina pa chiswe, white grubs, nematodes.

5.1:Tizilombo towononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a organophosphate:

Pyrethroid Insecticides

Mankhwala ophera tizirombowa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamilingo yocheperako ndipo ndi othandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi mbozi ndi nsabwe za m'masamba. Zogulitsa zomwe ndi pyrethroids zonse zili ndi mayina omwe amatha "thrin". Ndiwopanda poizoni kwa anthu ndi nyama monga organophosphates. Ali ndi zochita zazifupi zotsalira ndipo sagwira ntchito polimbana ndi tizirombo m'nthaka.

5.2: Tizilombo towononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Pyrethroid:

Neonicotinoid Insecticides

Mankhwala ophera tizilombowa ali m'gulu la mankhwala otetezeka kwambiri ndipo amatha kuwongolera mosiyanasiyana, amakhala ndi zochita zabwino zotsalira, komanso amateteza ku tizilombo tambiri m'nthaka.

Chithandizo cha mbewu

Kuchiza mbewu musanabzale kungathandize pa ntchito yolima mtedza m'Malawi. Izi zitha kukhala ndi mankhwala ophera bowa monga Thiram kuti ateteze mbewu ndi mbande ku matenda osiyanasiyana obwera m'nthaka. Mankhwala ena ambewu amakhalanso ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zambiri imidacloprid kapena thiamethoxam. Izi zitha kuteteza mbeu ndi mmera ku tizirombo tosiyanasiyana monga ma white grubs, millipedes, nyerere, wireworms ndipo pamene mmera umatuluka zimapatsa mphamvu zothana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba ndi jasidi. Mayina wamba amalonda akuphatikizapo Cruiser 350 FS (mankhwala ophera tizilombo okha), Apron Star (thiamethoxam, metaxyl, ndi difencomazole), ndi Gaucho T (imidacloprid, Thiram).

Mofanana ndi mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo, ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuvala zodzitchinjiriza zoyenera ndikutsatira malangizo a kagwiridwe koyenera. Mbeu zilizonse zothira mbeu ziyenera kuikidwa pa mbeu itangotsala pang'ono kubzala, ndipo mbewu iliyonse imene sinabzalidwe iwonongedwe kuti asadye.

Zotsatira za Matenda ndi Ma virus pa Zokolola za Mtedza

Matenda a mawanga a masamba, dzimbiri ndi zowola ndi matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi omwe amakhudza kukolola kwa mtedza ku Malawi. Rosette, yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi ma virus omwe amafalitsidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, ingakhalenso vuto.

Chithunzi 5.6. Madontho oyambilira a masamba (ELS) amayambitsa mawanga abulauni okhala ndi halo yachikasu.

Chithunzi 5.7. Madontho a Late Leaf (LLS) amapanga madontho a bulauni kapena akuda okhala ndi kuwala kocheperako.

Chithunzi 5.8. Dzimbiri limapanga ma pustules ofiira-bulauni pansi pa tsamba.

Chithunzi 5.9. Kuwola kwa korona kumapangitsa tsinde lalikulu la mbande kuola, kupha mbewuyo.

Chithunzi 5.10. Mu chlorotic rosette, masamba achichepere amasanduka achikasu.

Chithunzi 5.11. Mu rosette yobiriwira, zomera zimapunthwa kwambiri.