Kubzala ndi Kulingalira kwa Malo

Bzalani Mtedza Pa Dothi Loyenera

Mtedza umakula bwino m'nthaka yomwe imakhala ndi zinthu zokwanira zachilengedwe komanso nthaka yokwanira koma yothira madzi pang'ono ndipo simalepheretsa mizu kumera ndi kutsokomola kapena kuthyola makoko pokumba ndi kukweza. Dothi lokhala ndi madzi okwanira limatha kusunga chinyezi mpaka nyengo yowuma, kuchulukitsa zokolola ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa nkhungu zomwe zimapanga aflatoxin. Mtedza umakhudzidwa ndi mchere wambiri komanso dothi la acidic (<5.5 pH) zomwe zingayambitse vuto la kawopsedwe ka aluminiyamu. Dothi loyenera pH ndi 6.0 kapena kupitilira apo.

Konzekerani Malo Mokwanira

Malo ayenera kukonzedwa msanga, ndipo zotsalira za mbewu zakale zilowedwe m'nthaka.

Minda yambiri ya mtedza imakonzedwa ndi thirakitala ndi disc harrow kapena pamanja. Alimi ena amalima pang'onopang'ono, kukonza m'munda poletsa zomera ndi mankhwala osasankha (glyphosate kapena paraquat), kenako amabzala m'nthaka popanda kusokoneza. Njira zonse ziwirizi zitha kugwira ntchito malinga ngati m’munda mulibe udzu pamene mtedza wayamba kumera. Komabe alimi ena amapewa kusokoneza nthaka, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafuna kuti mlimi azipaka mankhwala ophera udzu. Ngati namsongole saulamuliridwa mokwanira, akhoza kupikisana ndi mbande za mtedza ndi kuchepetsa kukolola kwa mtedza, ngakhale mlimi atachotsa udzuwo pakadutsa nyengo.

Mtedza ukhoza kubzalidwa m'mitunda kapena pansi. Mitsinje imalimbikitsa ngalande zomwe zingachepetse kutsika kwa madzi munthaka. Komabe, izi zimafuna ntchito yowonjezera yokonzekera malo. Kubzala pamalo athyathyathya kumafuna ntchito yocheperako pokonzekera nthaka koma kumalola madzi kusanganikirana ndipo kumachepetsa mitedza m’malo otsika m’nyengo yamvula. Ngati mtedza wabzalidwa m'mitunda, ndi bwino kukonzekera mizera itangotsala pang'ono kubzala ndikupangitsa kuti mizere ikhale yosalala pamwamba. Mabedi nthawi zambiri amatalikirana pafupifupi masentimita 75 kuchokera pakati pa bedi lililonse. Kukhazikitsa mtedza m'mitunda kapena m'mabedi kungathandizenso kukumba kapena kukweza mbewu m'nthaka mosavuta.

Dothi pH lidzakambidwa mwatsatanetsatane mu Gawo 4. Momwe ndi nthawi yokonzekera nthaka ingakhudzire mphamvu ya laimu yomwe imayikidwa ndikugawidwa muzoni ya mizu. Laimu amafunikira miyezi ingapo kuti achepetse acidity ndikuwonjezera pH. Nthaka iyenera kukonzedwa pakadutsa mwezi umodzi musanabzalidwe kuti pH ikhale yochuluka pamene mtedza wayamba kukula.

Sinthanitsani mtedza ndi mbewu zina

Monga mbewu ya nyemba, mtedza umalowa bwino m’dongosolo la kasinthasintha wa mbeu m’njira zambiri zaulimi monga chinangwa, chimanga ndi fodya. Kulima mtedza m'munda womwewo chaka chilichonse kungapangitse kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizichulukirachulukira komanso tizirombo toyambitsa matenda timene timakhala tomera, zomwe zingachepetse zokolola kapena kufunikira kuthirira kwambiri kuti zisungike zokolola. Komanso, kulima mtedza mosalekeza m'munda womwewo kungathe kukumba zakudya za m'nthaka ndikupangitsa kuti zakudya zisamayende bwino. Kusinthasintha kungathenso kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa aflatoxin, komabe, mtedza wotsatira chimanga nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa aflatoxin. Ndikofunikira kubzala mbewu zomwe sizikhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi nematode zomwe zimawononganso mtedza.

Mtedza umathandizira kuchonde kwa mbewu zina mu kasinthasintha kudzera mu biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Kulima koyenera komanso kosiyanasiyana kumapangitsa mbewu zonse kasinthasintha kuti zipeze zokolola zambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimachepetsa mtengo wolima ndikuwonjezera kubweza ndalama kwa famuyo. Mtedza umathanso kutulutsa zokolola zabwino m'minda yatsopano komanso m'minda yomwe idalimidwa udzu kapena masamba otakata.

Khazikitsani Njira Yabwino Kwambiri ya Zokolola

Dongosolo kapena ndondomeko ya mbewu mu kasinthasintha ndi yofunika. Kubzala mtedza pambuyo pa nyemba monga soya kungayambitse matenda; ndi bwino kusinthanitsa mbewu zosagwirizana ndi nyemba, monga fodya, mtedza. Kasinthasintha wabwino m'Malawi muno ndi fodya wa mtedza ndi chimanga. Ngati fodya palibe, ndibwino kubzala chimanga chimodzi kapena ziwiri pakati pa mtedza.

Komabe, ngakhale chimanga ndi chisankho chabwino pazaulimi chifukwa chimatha kuchepetsa zovuta za tizirombo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mtedza wa nayitrogeni womwe umathandizira m'nthaka, chimanga chimachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa aflatoxin mu mbewu zotsatizana nazo. Pali kusinthana pang'ono pakati pa chimanga ndi kasinthasintha wa mtedza, zomwe zimachepetsa kuopsa kwa tizirombo ndi matenda, koma zimatha kuchulukitsa aflatoxin mu mbewu ya mtedza. Mtedza ukatsatira chimanga kasinthasintha, ndikofunikira kukolola nthawi yake kuti muchepetse kuipitsidwa kwa aflatoxin. Ngati ndi kotheka, kubzala kasinthasintha wa chimanga cha soya-chimanga-mtedza kungathandize kuthana ndi tizilombo. Mlimi akafuna kubzala mtedza pafupipafupi, ndi bwino kubzala mtedza musanadzale soya m'malo motsatira soya. Bzalani mtedza m'munda womwe umalima mbewu zosakhala nyemba nyengo yapitayi.

Phindu lazachuma la mbewu iliyonse mu kasinthasintha limatsimikizira zomwe zidzabzalidwe chaka chilichonse, koma mosasamala kanthu za momwe chuma chikuyendera, kusasinthasintha bwino kumadzetsa zokolola zochepa za mtedza kapena kudzafunika njira zambiri zopondereza tizirombo tomwe takhazikika. Phindu la kusinthasintha kwapadera lidzawunikidwanso mu chida chowongolera zoopsa kumapeto kwa bukhuli.