Kusamalira Tizirombo mu Groundnut

Matenda angapo amatha kuwononga mtedza nthawi yonse yakukula. Matenda omwe afala m'Malawi muno ndi monga mawanga a masamba oyambilira, mawanga a masamba ochedwa, dzimbiri, ndi matenda a mtedza wa rosette.

Zikhalidwe zingathandize kupewa matenda. Alimi akabzalanso mitundu yolimbana ndi matenda, imakhala ndi mphamvu zothana ndi matenda ndi ma virus komanso imatha kukolola zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kubzala koyambirira kumatha kuchepetsa nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zimachepetsa kufala kwa kachilombo ka rosette.

Matenda a Leaf Spot

Madontho oyambilira ndi matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi omwe amawononga mtedza ukangomera. Matendawa amadziwika ndi zotupa (mawanga) opangidwa pazigawo zonse zapamtunda za mbewu (masamba, petioles, zimayambira, ndi zikhomo). Zotupazo zimakhala zozungulira komanso zofiirira pamwamba komanso zofiirira pamasamba. Pazovuta kwambiri, matendawa amayambitsa kufota msanga ndipo amatha kuwononga zokolola mpaka 50%. Matendawa ndi ofala m’madera onse amene amalima mtedzawu ndipo ndi oopsa kwambiri m’chigawo chapakati (Lilongwe–Mchinji mpaka ku chigwa cha Kasungu).

Alimi amatha kuthana ndi matendawa pochotsa kapena kukwirira zotsalira za mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa.

Madontho a masamba ochedwa ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus omwe amapezeka kumapeto kwa nyengo. Amadziwika ndi zotupa zomwe zimakhala zozungulira komanso zakuda. Zikavuta kwambiri, masamba okhudzidwa amakhala chlorotic, kenako necrotic ndi zotupa zimalumikizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masamba awonongeke msanga. Zitha kuwononga zokolola kuyambira 25% mpaka 50%. Matendawa amapezeka mwa apo ndi apo m’madera angapo a dziko la Malawi koma afala kwambiri m’madera otsika a Kasungu, Mzuzu, Salima ndi Shire Valley.

Mawanga amasamba oyambilira komanso mochedwa angayambitse kufota msanga kwa mtedza. Zilonda zikawoneka pafupi ndi tsinde la mmera, kuphwanyidwa kwa masamba kumatha kuchitika pakatha milungu ingapo. Miliri ya madontho a masamba imakula mofulumira, monga momwe chithunzi 12 chikusonyezera. Kuchokera ku zilonda zochepa chabe pansi pa denga, matendawa amafalikira ndipo zotupa zimawonekera padenga lonse. Pamapeto pake, kufooketsa kwakukulu kumazindikirika patatha masiku 14 ndiyeno kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa masamba m'masiku asanu ndi awiri. Mu chitsanzo ichi, masiku 21 okha analekanitsa nthawi imene zotupa zinayamba kuonekera m'munsi mwa mbewu kuti pafupifupi defoliation kwathunthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosamva mawanga a masamba kapena njira yothandiza yothana ndi fungicides kungapereke chitetezo ku mawanga a masamba.

Mayesero omwe anachitika ku Malawi mu 2020 ndi 2021 adawonetsa zotsatira zabwino zothira mankhwala ophera bowa pa zokolola za mtedza wokhala ndi mphamvu ya matenda amitundu yonse. Zokolola zawonjezeka ndi 400kg / ha.

5.12 a, b, c, d: Mtedza nthawi zambiri ukhoza kutaya 30-40% ya masamba popanda kupereka nsembe. Komabe, defoliation imachitika mwachangu ndipo kugwa kwa masamba kumatha kuwirikiza kawiri mu sabata imodzi yokha

5.13: Kuchulukirachulukira kwa zotupa zamasamba ndi kuwonongeka kwa denga chifukwa cha matenda a masamba:

Dzimbiri

Dzimbiri ndi matenda a fungal omwe nthawi zambiri amawonekera nthawi imodzi ndi mawanga a masamba (mochedwa nyengo). Amadziwika ndi ma pustules amtundu wa lalanje (mawanga) pansi pa masamba omwe amaphulika kuti atulutse unyinji wa spores zofiirira zofiirira. Zotupa zimakhudza mbali zonse zapamtunda za zomera kupatula maluwa. Masamba okhudzidwa amakhala necrotic ndikuuma; komabe, iwo amakhalabe ophatikizika ndi chomeracho. Dzimbiri limodzi ndi madontho a masamba ochedwa likhoza kutaya zokolola pafupifupi 30% mpaka 40%. Matendawa amawoneka mwa apo ndi apo m’Malawi ndipo amapezeka m’madera otentha ndi achinyezi otsika ndipo amawononga madera ena a Karonga, Mzuzu, Salima ndi Shire Valley ADDs.

Alimi atha kuchepetsa kufala kwa matenda a mawanga ndi dzimbiri potsatira njira izi:

• Bzalani mtundu wa masamba kapena wosamva dzimbiri, ngati ulipo;

• Konzani mbewu motsatira kasinthasintha zomwe sizikhala zotengera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amayambitsa mawanga amasamba oyambilira komanso mochedwa (monga chimanga, manyuchi, mapira);

• Chotsani kapena kukwirira zotsalira za mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa;

Chotsani ndi kuwononga mbewu za mtedza wongodzipereka zomwe zili ndi kasinthasintha;

• Bzalani mtedza kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya mvula; ndi

• Ikani mankhwala ophera bowa munthawi yake, ngati alipo.

Matenda a Groundnut Rosette

Mtedza wa mtedza ndi matenda owononga kwambiri minda ya mtedza ku Malawi. Matendawa, omwe amafala ndi nsabwe za m’masamba, amapezeka m’mitundu iwiri m’Malawi muno: chlorotic (yellow) ndi green rosette. Chlorotic rosette imadziwika ndi masamba achikasu, opotoka komanso opotoka pomwe rosette yobiriwira imadziwika ndi kutsetsereka pang'ono kwa masamba ang'onoang'ono, masamba akale amawoneka obiriwira obiriwira ndikuchepera kukula. M'mitundu yonse iwiri ya matendawa, mbewu zimapunthwa kwambiri ndipo mbewu zoyamba kudwala sizitulutsa makoko. Matendawa amapezeka m'madera onse omwe amalima mtedza; komabe, zimachitika mwa apo ndi apo. Kutayika kwathunthu kumatha kuchitika ngati matendawa apezeka m'miliri.

Odwala amatha kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa matendawa ndi:

• Kufesa msanga komanso pamalo oyenera (kubzala kochuluka kumapindulitsa);

Kuchotsa ndi kuwononga mbewu zonse zongodzipereka zikatha kukolola kuti muchepetse nsabwe za m'masamba; ndi

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yolimbana ndi matenda monga Nsinjiro (yapakati) ndi Baka (yokhalitsa).

Malangizo a fungicide poletsa matenda

Mmera Matenda

Mbewu imatha kuthandizidwa ndi thiamethoxam, metalaxyl-M, ndi difenoconazole kuti muchepetse kuwononga kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kunthaka ndi mbande. Chithandizochi chingakhale chofunikira makamaka pa dothi lomwe limatha kukhala lonyowa mukabzala.

Leaf Spot ndi Dzimbiri

Mankhwala angapo ophera bowa amalembetsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'Malawi muno mutamera mtedza. Izi zimayikidwa kuyambira patatha masiku 45 mutabzala ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa patatha milungu iwiri iliyonse mpaka pafupifupi milungu iwiri isanakolole. Kuthira katatu kotalikirana kwa milungu iwiri kumathandizira kuthetsa mawanga ndi dzimbiri pamasamba, koma mankhwala opha bowa omwe amapezeka kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito munthambi ndi oteteza ndipo sachiritsa. Amaletsa zilonda kuti zisapangike, ndipo pachifukwa ichi, ntchito yoyamba iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pasanathe masiku 45 mutabzala.

Mankhwala ophera fungal opezeka ku Malawi ndi awa: azoxystrobin, boscalid, chlorothalonil, copper oxychloroide, mancozeb, maneb plus zinc oxide, propiconazole, pyraclostrobin, sulphur, tebuconazole, tebuconazole kuphatikiza trifloxystrobin. Izi zimasiyana mogwira mtima, ndalama, ndi kupezeka. Kwa matenda a masamba ndi dzimbiri, mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, propiconazole, pyraclostrobin, ndi tebuconazole ndi omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri. Ngati mankhwala opopera a 2 kapena kupitilira apo agwiritsidwa ntchito, tembenuzani mankhwala ophera fungicides kuti muchepetse kukana ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mankhwalawa akugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali. Mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu yopopera ya azoxystrobin kapena pyraclostrobin yotsatiridwa ndi tebuconazole kapena propiconazole yotsatiridwa ndi chlorothalonil ikhoza kukhala yothandiza kwambiri pothana ndi matendawa ndikuletsa kukana kuyambika.

Zilonda zikawoneka, chithandizo sichingalepheretse mbewu kukhetsa masamba. Pafupifupi kuwirikiza katatu masamba omwe ali ndi kachilomboka kuposa momwe amawonekera. Mwachitsanzo, masamba 20 pa 100 aliwonse akakhala ndi zotupa pafupifupi 60% ya masamba a chomera amakhala ndi kachilombo ndipo amatulutsa zilonda ndikuphwanyidwa mosasamala kanthu kuti fungicide yayikidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, fungicides iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa nyengo kuti miliri isayambe. Matenda a mawanga akachuluka m'munda, mlimi angasankhe kukolola mtedza usanakhwime. Kuteteza mtedza ku matenda a mawanga a masamba kuti masamba asafooke kungathandize alimi kulamulira nthawi yokolola. Kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yolimbana ndi mawanga kapena mankhwala opha bowa kumachulukitsa zokolola chifukwa mbewu zathanzi zimapatsa nyemba nthawi yokhwima.

5.14: Zotsatira za rootknot nematodes mu mtedza:

Zotsatira za Nematodes Pakukolola Mtedza

Nematodes ndi nyongolotsi zazing'ono zazing'ono zomwe zimatha kuwononga mizu ndi minyewa zomwe zimayambitsa zilonda, mfundo zomwe zimawononga mphamvu ya mmera kusuntha chinyezi ndi michere kudzera m'mitsempha yake. M'nthaka muli ma nematode ambiri osabzala omwe sakhudza mtedza. Ndipo, si mbewu zonse za parasitic nematodes zimakhudza mbewu pamlingo womwewo. Nematodes amakonda dothi lamchenga, lopanda madzi bwino. Njira yokhayo yochepetsera nematode ndi kasinthasintha wa mbeu chifukwa kuwongolera mankhwala ndikotsika mtengo komanso kothandiza pang'ono.

Zotsatira za Vertebrates Pakukolola Mtedza

Mbalame ndi nyama zoyamwitsa zimadya mtedza m’munda komanso poumitsa ndi kuusunga. Tizirombozi zimakhala zovuta kuziletsa. Kusunga minda ya mtedza kukhala yopanda udzu ndi kukhazikitsa malo otchinga pafupi ndi minda kungachepetse tizirombozi. Kukolola m'nthawi yake kumachepetsanso nthawi yomwe mtedza umakhala pangozi chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo. Posungira, ikani mtedza m'matumba okhazikika pansi komanso kutali ndi makoma kuti muchepetse malo obisala komanso polowera tizirombo.

5.15: Mphamvu ya njira zosiyanasiyana zothanirana ndi tizirombo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mitundu inayi ya mtedza pa kuipitsidwa kwa aflatoxin.

Buluu = Fungicide / Insecticide; Orange = Fungicide; Imvi = Mankhwala ophera tizilombo; Yellow = Palibe

Kusamalira Zowononga Matenda